Title: 5 6 Product Positioning
Course: Principles of Marketing > Section: Chapter 5

5.6 Product Positioning

Learning Outcomes

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

- 1 Define product positioning.
- 2 Explain approaches to product positioning.
- 3 Describe the positioning statement and perceptual maps.

Product Positioning Defined

So far, you’ve segmented the market by dividing the market into distinct groups of customers using the segmentation process and you’ve determined which customer group(s) you want to focus your marketing efforts on—the target marketing process. Product positioning is the process of deciding and communicating how an organization wants its market to think and feel about a product or service.

This third and final step is contained in what’s known as the segmenting, targeting, and positioning model, the STP model. With the STP model, a company segments the market, selects the target market, and positions its products and services into the existing marketplace (see Figure 5.12). In their book Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind, marketing gurus Al Ries and Jack Trout write, “The basic approach of positioning is not to create something new and different, but to manipulate what’s already up there in the mind.”^61

Figure 5.12 The STP Model (attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY 4.0 license)

The STP model is helpful in identifying your most valuable customers and developing products and marketing messages that are targeted specifically toward those customers. This allows you to interact with each market segment in a more meaningful way by personalizing your messages (and hopefully selling more of your product!).

For example, Marriott International owns several different hotel chains that target specific consumer groups:

- Courtyard by Marriott focuses on over-the-road travelers who aren’t looking for luxury and all the amenities; they just want a basic, clean hotel in which to stay during their trip.
- Ritz-Carlton hotels are by their nature more luxurious and target those travelers who don’t mind paying a premium price for more luxury and amenities.
- Marriott ExecuStay hotels are aimed at professionals who need a longer-term place to stay (i.e., an extended stay hotel).

Since these target groups are seeking vastly different things from a hotel stay, Marriott tailors its marketing messages (and hotels) to appeal to the unique wants and needs of each specific group.^62

As you can see, in this last step of the STP process, you want to first identify how you can most effectively position your product to target the customer segments that you’ve determined to be most valuable and then tailor the marketing mix that will be most effective in reaching them.

Approaches to Product Positioning

There are two main types of product positioning in marketing: head-to-head and differentiation. Let’s take a look at both.

Head-to-Head Positioning

Head-to-head positioning focuses on comparison. It involves directly competing with competitors on similar product attributes in the same market. For instance, let’s imagine that you have a small kiosk in a shopping mall where you serve freshly baked pretzels. If your kiosk makes different flavors of dough from scratch and your competitors use only processed frozen dough, you can set your pretzel business apart from your competitors in your customers’ minds by emphasizing that selling point.

A classic example is when Avis (the car rental company) launched an advertising campaign that went head-to-head with Hertz, the market leader. Avis made a point of comparing itself to Hertz and made its position in the market a selling point using the slogan “When you’re only No. 2, you try harder. Or else.” This campaign positioned Avis as a direct competitor of Hertz and also did something unique: it highlighted its underdog status, turning it from a liability into an asset. The results? Prior to the ads, Avis was losing $3.2 million a year; after the ads, Avis improved its performance and earned $1.2 million. Remarkably, that was the first time in over a decade that Avis had been profitable.^63

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Example of Head-to-Head Positioning

Another good example of head-to-head positioning is Wendy’s, which launched an advertising campaign a few years ago saying that its beef is fresh, never frozen, versus its competitors, particularly McDonald’s. Check out this Wendy’s Super Bowl commercial from 2018 where it goes head-to-head with McDonald’s.

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Differentiation Positioning

Differentiation positioning is all about emphasizing your product’s or service’s unique qualities vis-à-vis the competition. Similar to head-to-head positioning, you’re going to focus on your offerings and attempt to convince customers to buy your products or services instead of those of the competition. However, dissimilar to head-to-head positioning, instead of competing in the same market, you’ll attempt to identify new markets and seek out customers who may be interested in your offerings because of those unique qualities you’ve identified.^64 Common differentiation strategies are intended to draw consumers’ attention to the value, quality, or uniqueness of your offering.

For instance, Curves, the largest women’s fitness franchise in the world, succeeded by offering a fitness alternative to both home-based exercise routines and traditional health clubs. The experience of a Curves facility was entirely different from that of a typical health club. Instead of machines arranged in rows facing a TV, Curves arranged its machines in a circle to facilitate interaction among members. There were few (if any) mirrors and no men staring. The result was that Curves did not compete head-to-head with other health and exercise concepts; rather, it created new demand.^65

Positioning Statements

In your other college courses, you may have heard terms such as vision statement and mission statement. We’re going to add a third term to your vocabulary—positioning statement. Essentially, a positioning statement briefly describes your brand, product, service, and target market. Not only does it define how your brand meets the customer’s needs, but it also tries to clarify why it does so better than your competition. It answers the question “What experience do you want your customers to have with this product or service?”

Templates for writing your positioning statement abound. Here are just a few examples:

- [Your brand] provides [your offering/benefit that makes you better than competitors] for [your customers] who [customer needs] because [the reason why your customers should believe you are better than competitors].^66
- For [target audience], [brand name] is the [your market] that delivers [your points of differentiation] so they can [end benefit] because [your evidence].^67

Now let’s take a look at some examples of positioning statements for companies with which you’re likely familiar so that you can see these templates in action:

- Amazon: “For consumers who want to purchase a wide range of products online with quick delivery, Amazon provides a one-stop online shopping site. Amazon sets itself apart from other online retailers with its customer obsession, passion for innovation, and commitment to operational excellence.”^68
- Apple: “For individuals who want the best personal computer or mobile device, Apple leads the technology with the most innovative products. Apple emphasizes technological research and advancement and takes an innovative approach to business best practices—it considers the impact our products and processes have on its customers and the planet.”^69
- McDonald’s: “For individuals looking for a quick-service restaurant with an exceptional customer experience, McDonald’s is a leader in the fast-food industry, with friendly service and consistency across thousands of convenient locations. McDonald’s dedication to improving operations and customer satisfaction sets it apart from other fast-food restaurants.”^70
- Coca-Cola: “For individuals looking for high quality beverages, Coca-Cola offers a wide range of the most refreshing options—each creates a positive experience for customers when they enjoy a Coca-Cola brand drink. Unlike other beverage options, Coca-Cola products inspire happiness and make a positive difference in customers’ lives, and the brand is intensely focused on the needs of consumers and customers.”^71

Perceptual Positioning Maps and How They Are Used

A perceptual map is a visual diagram that shows how the average target market consumer perceives your product versus those of your competitors.^72

A perceptual map uses two determinant attributes on a graph. Determinant attributes are those attributes that a customer uses in making their purchase decision. In other words, what you do believe consumers’ “hot buttons” are with respect to your product or service offering? You’ve got a vast array of determinant attributes to use. You could use price versus quality, sugar versus protein, or any number of other attributes. The bottom line is that these attributes should reflect what customers are looking for in the product or service.

Once you’ve established the determinant attributes, you plot your product offering onto the map. Let’s imagine that your company is getting ready to introduce a new nutritional drink for seniors. You might start out with determinant attributes like high/low sugar and high/low protein (although you could use other determinant attributes like price, taste, etc.). Step one of your perceptual map might look something like Figure 5.13.

Figure 5.13 Perceptual Map Skeleton (attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY 4.0 license)

Now it’s time to map your offering as well as the competitors’ offerings on the perceptual map. The simple combination of these two scores places the product offering onto the map. It’s not necessary to list every single competitor on this perceptual map, but you should try for a list of at least 5 to 10 competitors.

Once you’ve mapped your competitors’ offerings on the perceptual map, it may look something like Figure 5.14 (although you would have brand names in the circles instead of “Brand A,” “Brand B,” etc.).

Figure 5.14 Sample Perceptual Map (attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY 4.0 license)

Once you have developed the perceptual map, you will have a clearer idea of where your product or service offering stands vis-à-vis your competition. You will look at which brands occupy the same space as your offering (or a nearly identical space) based on consumer attitudes. Things to look for on your perceptual map include:

- Do consumer attitudes toward your offering align with what you want them to think about it?
- Do consumer attitudes toward your competitors’ offerings align what you thought consumers would think about them?
- Look at the map closely and determine which of your competitors’ offerings consumers perceive as being closest to your offering.
- Perceptual maps are also an opportunity to determine if there are any holes or gaps in the map. This may signal that there is potential for new offerings.^73

Some other things to think about once you’ve completed your perceptual map:

- If consumer attitudes toward your offering aren’t what you expected, it may be necessary to change your marketing actions to correct or modify these consumers’ attitudes.
- Let’s assume for a minute that consumers view your competitors’ offerings as being very similar to yours. If this is the case, you may want to think about ways to make your offering stand out from the competition rather than going head-to-head with competitors.
- If there are gaps in the map that you think you can fill based on your company’s capabilities, you may want to consider introducing a new offering or moving your offering into an unfilled position by modifying its features and attributes.^74

Knowledge Check

It’s time to check your knowledge on the concepts presented in this section. Refer to the Answer Key at the end of the book for feedback.

1.

Which of the following BEST describes a positioning statement?

1. It is a brief description of your offering, how it meets the needs of a consumer, and why it is superior to your competitor’s offerings.
2. It sets forth the group(s) of people with shared characteristics that you’ve identified as potential customers for your products.
3. It defines where your offering fits in the marketplace and why it is better than competitors’ offerings.
4. It is a visual tool designed to demonstrate the perception of your offerings by the average target market consumer vis-à-vis your competitors’ offerings.

2.

The STP process is an acronym for ________.

1. segmentation, targeting, and positioning
2. screening, targeting, and promotion
3. sampling, test marketing, and publicity
4. segmentation, training, and promotion

3.

Build-A-Bear put a twist on buying cuddly toys by providing consumers with the ability to modify and personalize their toys. What type of positioning strategy did Build-A-Bear use?

1. Undifferentiated positioning
2. Differentiated positioning
3. Head-to-head positioning
4. Niche positioning

4.

When Artesha is on the road for her job and wants some fast food for lunch, she is looking for speed of service, value, and cleanliness of the restaurant. The factors would be referred to as ________.

1. her buyer persona
2. a perceptual map
3. her determinant attributes
4. a positioning statement

5.

A visual technique designed to show how the average target market consumer perceives the positioning of competing products in the market place is known as ________.

1. a positioning statement
2. head-to-head positioning
3. differentiation positioning
4. a perceptual map